This section of Music in Our World is under construction - watch for changes!
circa 600 to circa 1600
Pope Gregory I |
c.540-604 |
Odo of Cluny |
927-942 |
Guido of Arezzo |
c.995-c.1050 |
Leonin |
c.1163-1190 |
Perotin |
c.1160-1225 |
Franco of Cologne |
c.1225-c.1285 |
Adam de la Halle |
c.1237-c.1288 |
Philippe de Vitry |
1291-1361 |
Guillaume de Machaut |
c.1300-1377 |
Francesco Landini |
1335-1397 |
John Dunstable |
c.1390-1453 |
Guillaume Dufay |
1400-1474 |
Jean de Ockeghem |
c.1420-1497 |
Heinrich Isaac |
c.1420-1497 |
Heinrich Isaac |
1450-1517 |
Jacob Obrecht |
1450-1505 |
Josquin des Prez |
c. 1440-1521 |
Cristobal Morales |
c.1500-1553 |
Antonio de Cabezon |
c.1500-1566 |
Giovanni da Palestrina |
c.1525-1594 |
Orlando di Lasso |
c.1543-1623 |
Tomas Luis de Victoria |
c.1548-1611 |
Luca Marenzio |
1553-1599 |
Giovanni Gabrieli |
c.1556-1612 |
Thomas Morley |
1557-1612 |
John Dowland |
1562-1626 |
Claudio Monteverdi |
1567-1643 |
St. Gall monastery |
c.800 |
Pisa Cathedral |
1063 |
St. Sernin |
C.1080-1160 |
Cluny Abbey |
1088-1130 |
Westminster Abbey |
1056 |
Tower of London |
1078 |
Bayeux Tapestry |
c.1088 |
La Madeleine Abbey |
1096-1120 |
St. Denis |
1140 |
Matteo |
1168-1188 |
Notre Dame |
1163-1235 |
Chartres Cathedral |
1194-1260 |
Giovanni Cimabue |
1240-c.1302 |
Simone Martini |
c.1285-1344 |
Giotto |
1266-1336 |
Hubert van Eyck |
c.1370-1426 |
Robert Campion |
1375-1444 |
Filippo Brunelleschi |
1377-1446 |
Lorenzo Ghiberti |
1378-1455 |
Lorenzo Ghiberti |
c.1381-1455 |
Donatello |
1386-1466 |
Fra Angelico |
1387-1455 |
Jan van Eyck |
c.1390-1441 |
Masaccio |
1401-1428 |
Leone Battista Alberti |
1404-1472 |
Giovanni Bellini |
c.1430-1516 |
Sandro Botticelli |
1444-1510 |
Donato Bramante |
c.1444-1514 |
1452-1519 |
|
Jerome Bosch |
c.1460-1516 |
Hans Holbein the Younger |
c.1460-1524 |
AMatthias Grünewald |
c.1470-1528 |
Albrecht Dürer |
1471-1528 |
Michelangelo Buonarroti |
1475-1564 |
Giorgione |
1478-1510 |
Raphael Sanzio |
1483-1520 |
Titian (Tiziano Vecelli) |
c.1490-1575 |
Benvenuto Cellini |
1500-1571 |
Jacopo Tintoretto |
1518-1594 |
Pieter Bruegel the Elder |
c.1528-1569 |
El Greco |
c.1541-1614 |
Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio |
1573-1610 |
John Scotus Erigena |
c.810-877 |
Peter Abelard |
c. 1079-1142 |
St. Francis of Assisi |
1182-1226 |
Albertus Magnus |
c.1214-1294 |
Roger Bacon |
c.1490-1562 |
Bonaventura |
1221-1274 |
Thomas Aquinas |
c.1225-1274 |
Dante Alighieri |
c.1490-1562 |
William of Occam |
c.1270-1347 |
Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) |
1304-1374 |
Giovanni Boccaccio |
1312-1353 |
Geoffrey Chaucer |
c.1340-1400 |
Erasmus |
1469-1536 |
Baldassare Castiglione |
1478-1529 |
Ludovico Ariosto |
1474-1533 |
Martin Luther |
1483-1531 |
Ignatius Loyola |
1491-1556 |
John Calvin |
1509-1564 |
Torquato Tasso |
1544-1595 |
Giordano Bruno |
1548-1600 |
Miguel de Cervantes |
1547-1616 |
William Shakespeare |
1564-1616 |
political figures
Charlemagne |
742-814 |
Otto I the Great |
912-973 |
Otto II |
955-983 |
Otto III |
980-1002 |
William the Conqueror |
1066-1087 |
Urban II |
c.1042-1099 |
Louis VII |
1137-1180 |
Richard the Lion-Hearted |
1189-1199 |
Frederick II |
1194-1250 |
Philip Augustus |
1180 |
Louis VIII |
1223-1226 |
Louis IX |
1226-1270 |
Cosimo de' Medici |
1389-1464 |
Lorenzo de' Medici |
1449-1492 |
Savonarola |
1452-1498 |
Pope Sixtus IV |
1471-1484 |
Richard III |
1483-85 |
Henry VIII |
1509-1547 |
Ferdinand and Isabella |
1474-1515 |
Francis I |
1515-1547 |
Charles I |
1516-1556 |
Mary Tudor |
1553-1558 |
Philip II |
1556-1598 |
Pope Innocent VIII |
1484-1492 |
Pope Julius II |
1503-1513 |
Pope Leo X |
1513-1521 |
Pope Clement VII |
1523-1534 |
Pope Paul III |
1534-1549 |
Elizabeth I |
1558-1603 |
Henry IV |
1589-1610 |
General Events
Benedictine order founded |
529 |
Rise of Monasteries |
650-700 |
Arabic science brought to Europe |
750 |
Norman invasion of England |
1066 |
First Crusade |
1096-1099 |
Franciscan Order founded |
1209 |
Magna Charta |
1215 |
Marco Polo |
c.1254-c.1324 |
Papacy in exile at Avignon |
1337 |
The Black Death |
1348 |
Wycliffe's translation of the Bible |
1376 |
Duchy of Burgundy |
1405-77 |
Battle of Agincourt |
1415 |
Medici in power at Florence |
1434-94 |
Fall of Constantinople to Turks |
1453 |
End of Hundred Years' War |
1453 |
Gutenberg invents printing |
1454 |
Geographical discoveries |
1492 |
Unification of Spain |
1492 |
Columbus´ first voyage |
1492 |
John Cabot's voyage to Canada |
1497 |
Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean |
1513 |
Protestant Reformation |
1517 |
Cortes´ conquest of Mexico |
1518 |
Magellan circumnavigates the globe |
1519 |
Counter Reformation |
1534 |
Church of England separates from Rome |
1534 |
Jesuit Order |
1540 |
Council of Trent |
1545-1563 |
Catholicism restored in England |
1563 |
French Huguenot's religious wars |
1562 |
Establishment of the Church of England |
1563 |
Establishment of the Church of England |
1568 |
Massacre of Protestants in Paris |
1572 |
Calendar reform by Pope Gregory XIII |
1582 |
First operas composed |
1600 |
This table summarizes some of the salient features of early music and modern music (i.e., music of the common practice period)--aesthetics, techniques, and musical style.
EARLY MUSIC |
COMMON PRACTICE MUSIC |
local |
cosmopolitan (universal) |
national |
international |
large instrumentarium |
small instrumentarium |
all categories of instruments |
emphasis on winds and strings |
nonstandard groupings |
standard groups |
broken consort |
string quartet, piano trio, etc. |
polyphony |
small instrumentarium |
unclear forms |
clarity of structure |
performer oriented |
audience oriented |
amateur oriented (Liebhaber) |
professional oriented (Kenner) |
tablature |
mensural notation |
nonvirtuosic |
virtuosic |
limited melodic range |
unlimited melodic range |
great rhythmic range |
restricted rhythmic range |
modality |
tonality |
improvisation |
composition |
no correct renditions |
"correct" renditions |
vocal ideal |
instrumental ideal |
expression in articulation |
expression in dynamics |
borrowed materials |
newly created materials |
chamber music |
symphonic music |
equal participants |
conductor is leader |
lute, harpsichord, consort |
orchestra |
madrigal, chanson, etc. |
opera, oratorio |
mysterious |
immediate appeal |
sacred |
secular |
soft volume level |
loud volume level |
socio-cultural functionality |
art for art's sake |
poetic (process orientation) |
prosaic (product orientation) |
decoration and beautification |
drama and philosophy |
motet, Mass, lied, etc. |
sonata, symphony |
elitist |
middle class |
musicians are "students" of art |
musicians are teachers |
English Songs of the Middle Ages, Sequentia: Deutsche Harmonia Mundi (CD)
Machaut, Messe de Nostre Dame, Taverner Consort: Reflexe (CD)
Machaut, The Mirror of Narcissus, Gothic Voices: Hyperion (CD)
Carmina Burana, The Early Music Quartet: Das Alte Werk (CD)
Music of the Gothic Era, Early Music Consort of London: DB Archiv, Released July 7, 1987 (CD)
Nova Cantica (Latin Songs of the High Middle Ages), D. Vellard & E. Bonnardot: Deutsche Harmonia Mundi (CD)
Perotin, The Hilliard Ensemble: ECM Records (CD)
Philippe le Chancelier, Sequentia: Deutsche Harmonia Mundi (2 CDs)
The Play of Daniel, New York Pro Musica: MCA (CD)
The Service of Venus and Mars, Gothic Voices: Hyperion (CD)
Tristan & Iseult, The Boston Camerata: Erato (CD)
Trouvères, Sequentia: Deutsche Harmonia Mundi (2 CDs)
Visions and Miracles, Ensemble Alcatraz: Nonesuch (CD)
von Bingen, Ordo virtutum, Sequentia: Harmonia Mundi (CD)
The Art of the Netherlands, Early Music Consort of London: EMI (CD)
Bryd, The Great Service, The Tallis Scholars: Gimell (CD)
Bryd, Mass for 4 Voices, The Sixteen: Virgin Classics (CD)
Dufay, Missa L'homme armé, The Hilliard Ensemble: EMI Reflexe (CD)
Dowland, Lachrimae 1604, The Consort of Musicke: L’Oiseau lyre (CD)
Draw on Sweet Night (English Madrigals), The Hilliard Ensemble: Reflexe (CD)
Gabrieli, Canzoni da Sonare, Hespèrion XX: Reflexe (CD)
Gesualdo, Tenebrae, The Hilliard Ensemble: EGM New Series (CD)
In the Streets and Theatres of London (Elizabethan Ballads and Theatre Music), The Musicians of Swanne Alley: Virgin Classics (CD)
Josquin, Missa Hercules Dux Ferrariae, The Hilliard Ensemble: EMI Reflexe (CD)
Josquin, Missa Gaudeamus & Mariamotetten van Josquin en Ockeghem, Cappella Pratesis: Jubal (CD)
Josquin, Motets and Chansons, The Hilliard Ensemble: EMI Angel (CD)
Marenzio, Madrigals, Concerto Vocal (René Jacobs): Harmonia Mundi (CD)
Monte, Sacred & Secular Works, The Hilliard Ensemble & Kees Boeke Consort: Reflexe (CD)
Morley, Draw on Sweet Night (English Madrigals), The Hilliard Ensemble: EMI Reflexe (CD)
Ockeghem, Missa Prolationum, The Hilliard Ensemble: EMI Reflexe (CD)
Songs and Dances from the Time of Cervantes, Hespèrion XX: Reflexe (CD)
In The Streets and Theatres Of London (Elizabethan Ballads and Theatre Music), The Musicians of Swanne Alley: Virgin Classics (CD)
Tallis, The Lamentations Of Jeremiah, The Hilliard Ensemble: EGM New Series (CD)
Tallis, Latin Church Music, Taverner Consort: EMI Reflexe (CD)
Taverner, Missa Gloria Tibi Trinitas, The Tallis Scholars: Gimell Records (CD)
Vihuela Music of the Spanish Renaissance, Christopher Wilson: Virgin Classics (CD)
Apel, Willi. Gregorian Chant. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1958.
Brown, Howard Mayer. Music in the Renaissance. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1976.
________. Performing Practice. In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Vol 14, pp. 370-93.
Caldwell, John. Medieval Music. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978.
Dart, Thurston. The Interpretation of Music. New York: Harper & Row, 1963.
Grout, Donald Jay, and Claude V. Palisca. A History of Western Music. 4th ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 1988. First published in 1960.
Harman, Alec, and Wilfrid Mellers. Man and His Music: The Story of Musical Experience in the West. London: Barrie & Rockliff, 1962. First published in 4 vols, in 1957-59.
Henry, Derrick. The Listener's Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Music. New York: Facts on File, Inc. 1983.
Hoppin, Richard H. Medieval Music. New York: W. W. Norton, 1978.
Lang, Paul Henry. Music in Western Civilization. New York: W. W. Norton, 1941.
McGee, Timothy J., Medieval and Renaissance Music: A Performer's Guide. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985.
Page, Christopher. Voices and Instruments of the Middle Ages: Instrumental Practice and Songs in France, 1100-1300. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
Phillips, Elizabeth V., and John-Paul Christopher Jackson. Performing Medieval and Renaissance Music: An Introductory Guide. New York: Schirmer Books, 1986.
Reese, Gustave. Music in the Middle Ages. New York: W. W. Norton, 1940.
________. Music in the Renaissance. Rev. ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 1959.
Sternfeld, F. W., ed. Music from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1973.
Stevens, John. Words and Music in the Middle Ages: Song, Narrative, Dance, and Drama, 1050-1350. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Wilson, David Fenwick. Music of the Middle Ages. New York: Schirmer Books, 1990.